Arthritis Treatment in Lucknow | Meet Arthritis Specialist | Dr. Divyanshu Dutt Dwivedi
Arthritis can make everyday activities like walking, climbing stairs, or even holding objects painful and difficult. If you are experiencing persistent joint pain, stiffness, or swelling, seeking timely medical care can help prevent further joint damage and improve your quality of life. At Dr. Divyanshu Dutt Dwivedi’s clinic, we provide comprehensive arthritis treatment in Lucknow using evidence-based diagnostic methods and personalized treatment plans. Whether you have osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, or another joint condition, our goal is to reduce pain, restore mobility, and improve long-term joint health. As a trusted arthritis specialist in Lucknow, Dr. Divyanshu offers both non-surgical and advanced surgical treatment options tailored to every patient’s condition.
Meet Dr. Divyanshu Dutt Dwivedi—Trusted Arthritis Specialist in Lucknow
Dr. Divyanshu Dutt Dwivedi is a highly experienced orthopedic surgeon known for providing advanced and patient-focused care for various joint conditions, including osteoarthritis, knee arthritis, hip arthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis-related joint problems. With a strong focus on accurate diagnosis and personalized treatment planning, he helps patients manage chronic joint pain, improve mobility, and achieve better quality of life. As a trusted arthritis specialist in Lucknow, Dr. Divyanshu combines modern orthopedic techniques with evidence-based treatment approaches to deliver effective solutions ranging from non-surgical arthritis management to advanced joint replacement procedures.
Clinical Expertise of Dr. Divyanshu Dutt Dwivedi
- Expertise in arthritis treatment in Lucknow with personalized care plans based on the patient’s condition and lifestyle needs
- Specialized in diagnosing and treating osteoarthritis, knee arthritis, and degenerative joint diseases
- Experienced in knee replacement surgery for patients with advanced arthritis and severe joint damage
- Expertise in Partial Knee Replacement and Total Knee Replacement procedures
- Skilled in minimally invasive orthopedic techniques for faster recovery and improved outcomes
- Provides advanced non-surgical treatments, including physiotherapy guidance, PRP therapy, and joint preservation treatments
- Focuses on early diagnosis and conservative treatment to delay arthritis progression whenever possible
- Special interest in managing chronic joint pain, stiffness, swelling, and mobility limitations
- Provides comprehensive rehabilitation guidance to help patients regain strength and return to daily activities
- Uses a patient-centered approach to create safe and effective treatment strategies for long-term joint health
For expert consultation regarding arthritis treatment in Lucknow, contact Dr. Divyanshu Dutt Dwivedi at +919899385354.
What is arthritis?
Arthritis is a common condition that causes inflammation, pain, stiffness, and reduced movement in one or more joints. It develops when the protective cartilage that cushions the joints begins to wear down or when the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks healthy joint tissues. Although arthritis is more common in older adults, it can also affect younger individuals due to injuries, autoimmune diseases, or genetic factors. Commonly affected areas include the knees, hips, shoulders, hands, and spine. Early diagnosis and appropriate arthritis treatment in Lucknow can slow disease progression, relieve pain, and help patients maintain an active and independent lifestyle.
Signs and Symptoms of Arthritis
The symptoms of arthritis can appear gradually or develop suddenly, depending on the type and severity of the condition. Early recognition is important because timely arthritis treatment in Lucknow can help relieve pain, protect the joints, and slow disease progression. If you experience any of the following symptoms for several weeks, consult the best arthritis doctor in Lucknow for a proper evaluation.
- Persistent joint pain during movement or at rest
- Morning stiffness lasting more than 30 minutes
- Swelling, warmth, or tenderness around the affected joint
- Reduced range of motion and joint flexibility
- Difficulty walking, climbing stairs, or performing daily activities
- Grinding or clicking sounds while moving the joint
- Muscle weakness around the affected joint
- Visible joint deformity in advanced stages of arthritis
Types of Arthritis We Treat
Arthritis includes several conditions that affect the joints in different ways, making an accurate diagnosis essential for choosing the right treatment. At our clinic, we provide personalized arthritis treatment in Lucknow for various forms of arthritis using advanced diagnostic techniques and evidence-based care. Whether your symptoms are caused by age-related cartilage wear, an autoimmune disorder, or a previous injury, our goal is to relieve pain, improve joint function, and enhance your quality of life. As a trusted arthritis specialist in Lucknow, Dr. Divyanshu Dutt Dwivedi develops customized treatment plans based on the type, severity, and overall health of each patient.
Types of Arthritis We Treat
| Type of Arthritis | Description |
| Osteoarthritis (OA) | The most common form of arthritis caused by the gradual wear and tear of joint cartilage. It commonly affects the knees, hips, hands, and spine, leading to pain, stiffness, and reduced mobility. |
| Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) | An autoimmune condition in which the immune system attacks the lining of the joints, causing chronic inflammation, pain, swelling, and possible joint deformity if left untreated. |
| Psoriatic Arthritis | A form of inflammatory arthritis associated with psoriasis. It can affect both the skin and joints, resulting in pain, swelling, and stiffness. |
| Gout | A type of arthritis caused by the buildup of uric acid crystals in the joints, leading to sudden episodes of severe pain, redness, swelling, and tenderness, most commonly in the big toe. |
| Ankylosing Spondylitis | A chronic inflammatory condition that mainly affects the spine and sacroiliac joints, causing persistent back pain, stiffness, and reduced spinal flexibility. |
| Post-Traumatic Arthritis | Arthritis that develops after a joint injury, fracture, ligament tear, or sports injury. Symptoms may appear months or even years after the original injury. |
| Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) | A type of arthritis that affects children under the age of 16, causing joint pain, swelling, stiffness, and potential growth-related complications if not managed properly. |
What Causes Arthritis?
Arthritis can develop due to a combination of age-related changes, lifestyle factors, genetics, and underlying medical conditions. In osteoarthritis, the protective cartilage gradually wears away over time, while rheumatoid arthritis occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy joint tissues. Other contributing factors include previous joint injuries, obesity, repetitive stress on the joints, infections, and inherited genetic traits. Smoking, a sedentary lifestyle, and poor bone health may also increase the risk of developing arthritis. Identifying the underlying cause allows the best arthritis doctor in Lucknow to recommend the most effective treatment plan, helping relieve symptoms and preserve long-term joint function.
Who is at higher risk of developing arthritis?
Although arthritis can affect people of all ages, certain factors significantly increase the likelihood of developing joint problems. Understanding these risk factors helps in the early diagnosis and timely treatment of arthritis in Lucknow, reducing the chances of permanent joint damage. If you have one or more of the following risk factors, regular orthopedic evaluation can help detect arthritis at an early stage and improve treatment outcomes.
Common Risk Factors for Arthritis
- Increasing age, especially after 50 years
- Family history of arthritis or autoimmune disorders
- Being overweight or obese, which increases stress on weight-bearing joints
- Previous joint injuries, fractures, or sports-related trauma
- Repetitive movements due to work or daily activities
- Autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus
- Smoking and excessive alcohol consumption
- Physically inactive lifestyle and weak muscles around the joints
- Diabetes, osteoporosis, and other chronic health conditions
How is arthritis diagnosed?
An accurate diagnosis is the first step toward successful arthritis treatment in Lucknow. Dr. Divyanshu Dutt Dwivedi performs a detailed clinical assessment to determine the type, severity, and cause of arthritis before recommending a personalized treatment plan. The evaluation includes a thorough review of symptoms, medical history, physical examination, and advanced diagnostic tests to assess joint health and identify any underlying inflammation or cartilage damage.
| Diagnostic Method | Purpose |
| Physical Examination | Evaluates joint pain, swelling, tenderness, and range of motion. |
| Medical History | Reviews symptoms, previous injuries, family history, and overall health. |
| X-ray | Detects cartilage loss, bone spurs, and joint space narrowing. |
| MRI Scan | Provides detailed images of cartilage, ligaments, tendons, and soft tissues. |
| Blood Tests | Helps diagnose inflammatory arthritis by checking ESR, CRP, Rheumatoid Factor (RF), and Anti-CCP antibodies. |
| Ultrasound | Identifies joint inflammation, fluid collection, and soft tissue abnormalities. |
Stages of Arthritis
Arthritis usually progresses gradually, and identifying its stage helps determine the most appropriate treatment approach. Early diagnosis can slow disease progression, relieve symptoms, and delay or even prevent the need for surgery. As a leading arthritis specialist in Lucknow, Dr. Divyanshu Dutt Dwivedi recommends treatment based on the severity of joint damage and the patient’s lifestyle needs.
| Stage | Joint Condition | Common Symptoms |
| Stage 1 – Early | Minor cartilage changes | Mild pain after activity with little or no limitation in movement. |
| Stage 2 – Mild | Cartilage begins to wear | Noticeable stiffness, occasional swelling, and discomfort during daily activities. |
| Stage 3 – Moderate | Significant cartilage damage | Frequent pain, reduced mobility, grinding sensation, and difficulty walking or climbing stairs. |
| Stage 4 – Severe | Advanced joint degeneration | Severe pain, marked stiffness, joint deformity, and significant loss of function, often requiring joint replacement surgery. |
When Should You Consult an Arthritis Specialist?
Many people ignore joint pain, assuming it is a normal part of aging. However, persistent discomfort may indicate an underlying joint condition that requires medical attention. Consulting an arthritis specialist in Lucknow at the right time can help prevent irreversible joint damage and improve long-term mobility. Early diagnosis also increases the chances of successful non-surgical treatment and reduces the risk of complications.
You should consult a doctor if you experience:
- Joint pain lasting more than 2–4 weeks
- Morning stiffness that persists for over 30 minutes
- Swelling, warmth, or redness around a joint
- Difficulty walking, climbing stairs, or standing for long periods
- Pain that interrupts your sleep or daily routine
- Reduced joint movement or flexibility
- Recurrent episodes of joint swelling or inflammation
- Joint pain following an injury that does not improve
If you notice any of these symptoms, schedule an appointment with Dr. Divyanshu Dutt Dwivedi for a comprehensive evaluation and personalized arthritis treatment in Lucknow.
Non-Surgical Arthritis Treatment in Lucknow
Not every patient with arthritis requires surgery. In the early and moderate stages, many individuals experience significant relief through conservative treatment methods. The goal of non-surgical arthritis treatment in Lucknow is to reduce pain, improve joint function, slow disease progression, and help patients return to their daily activities without unnecessary procedures. Treatment is tailored according to the type of arthritis, severity of symptoms, age, and lifestyle.
Non-surgical treatment options include the following:
- Pain-relieving and anti-inflammatory medications
- Personalized physiotherapy and rehabilitation programs
- Weight management to reduce stress on the joints
- Activity modification and joint protection techniques
- Assistive devices such as knee braces or walking aids
- Heat and cold therapy for pain and swelling relief
- Lifestyle modifications and regular low-impact exercise
- Nutritional guidance to support joint health
Physiotherapy for Arthritis
Physiotherapy plays a vital role in managing arthritis by improving joint flexibility, strengthening surrounding muscles, and reducing pain without surgery. A structured rehabilitation program helps patients regain mobility, improve balance, and perform daily activities with greater ease. When combined with appropriate medical treatment, physiotherapy can slow the progression of arthritis and enhance overall joint function.
Benefits of Physiotherapy for Arthritis
- Improves joint flexibility and range of motion
- Strengthens muscles supporting the affected joints
- Reduces pain and joint stiffness
- Enhances balance and walking ability
- Improves posture and body mechanics
- Helps prevent further joint damage
- Supports faster recovery after joint procedures
- Encourages long-term joint health through guided exercises
PRP Therapy for Arthritis
Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) Therapy is an advanced regenerative treatment that uses the patient’s own platelets to promote natural healing and reduce joint inflammation. It is commonly recommended for patients with early to moderate osteoarthritis who wish to delay surgery and improve joint function. PRP contains a high concentration of growth factors that support tissue repair, reduce pain, and may help slow cartilage degeneration. As part of personalized arthritis treatment in Lucknow, PRP therapy is carefully recommended after a detailed clinical evaluation to ensure it is the most suitable option for the patient’s condition and treatment goals.
Benefits of PRP Therapy
- Uses the patient’s own blood, reducing the risk of allergic reactions
- Helps reduce joint pain and inflammation
- Supports natural tissue healing and regeneration
- May improve joint mobility and daily function
- Minimally invasive procedure with a short recovery period
- Can delay the need for joint replacement surgery in selected patients
Hyaluronic Acid Injection for Arthritis
Hyaluronic acid injection, also known as viscosupplementation, is a non-surgical treatment primarily used for arthritis treatment. Hyaluronic acid is a naturally occurring substance found in healthy joints that acts as a lubricant and shock absorber. In arthritis, its level decreases, leading to pain and stiffness. Injecting hyaluronic acid into the affected joint can improve lubrication, reduce friction, and enhance joint movement. As part of comprehensive arthritis treatment in Lucknow, this treatment may be recommended for suitable patients who continue to experience symptoms despite medications, physiotherapy, and lifestyle modifications.
Benefits of Hyaluronic Acid Injection
- Improves joint lubrication and cushioning
- Reduces pain during walking and movement
- Enhances joint flexibility and mobility
- Delays the progression of symptoms in selected patients
- Minimally invasive with no hospital stay required
- May postpone the need for joint replacement surgery
Advanced Surgical Treatment for Arthritis
When arthritis reaches an advanced stage and non-surgical treatments no longer provide adequate relief, surgery may be the most effective option. The primary goal of surgical arthritis treatment in Lucknow is to relieve chronic pain, restore joint function, and improve overall quality of life. Dr. Divyanshu Dutt Dwivedi recommends surgery only after a thorough evaluation, considering factors such as the extent of joint damage, age, activity level, and overall health. Modern surgical techniques focus on precision, faster recovery, and long-term outcomes.
Surgical Treatment Options
- Total knee replacement for severe knee osteoarthritis
- Partial Knee Replacement when only one compartment of the knee is affected.
- Hip Replacement Surgery for advanced hip arthritis
- Revision joint replacement for failed or worn-out implants
- Minimally invasive joint replacement for reduced pain, smaller incisions, and quicker rehabilitation
Which Arthritis Treatment is Suitable for Different Types of Arthritis?
The right treatment for arthritis depends on the type of arthritis, severity of joint damage, symptoms, age, and lifestyle requirements of the patient. There is no single treatment approach that works for everyone. A detailed evaluation by an experienced arthritis specialist in Lucknow helps identify the most effective solution, whether it involves medication, physiotherapy, injections, or surgery. Dr. Divyanshu Dutt Dwivedi focuses on personalized care plans designed to reduce pain, improve mobility, and protect joint health.
| Type of Arthritis | Common Treatment Options |
| Osteoarthritis | Lifestyle changes, physiotherapy, pain management, PRP Therapy, Hyaluronic Acid Injection, and joint replacement in advanced stages |
| Rheumatoid Arthritis | Anti-inflammatory medicines, disease-modifying medications, rehabilitation, and coordinated care with specialists |
| Gout Arthritis | Medication to control uric acid levels, dietary modifications, and management of inflammation |
| Psoriatic Arthritis | Joint care, inflammation control, medicines, and customized rehabilitation plans |
| Ankylosing Spondylitis | Exercise therapy, posture correction, medications, and mobility improvement programs |
Arthritis Treatment Cost in Lucknow
The cost of arthritis treatment in Lucknow varies depending on several factors, including the type of arthritis, stage of disease, diagnostic tests required, treatment method, and whether surgical intervention is needed. Early-stage arthritis usually requires conservative treatments such as medications, physiotherapy, and lifestyle modifications, while advanced arthritis may require procedures like injections or joint replacement surgery. During consultation, Dr. Divyanshu Dutt Dwivedi evaluates your condition and explains the available treatment options according to your health goals and budget.
Factors That Influence Treatment Cost
- Type and severity of arthritis
- Required diagnostic tests such as X-ray or MRI
- Choice of non-surgical or surgical treatment
- Number of physiotherapy sessions required
- Type of implant used during joint replacement
- Hospital facilities and post-treatment rehabilitation
A proper consultation helps patients understand their condition and choose the most suitable treatment plan without unnecessary expenses.
Recovery After Arthritis Treatment
Recovery after arthritis treatment depends on the type of treatment, severity of joint damage, overall health, and commitment to rehabilitation. Patients receiving non-surgical treatments may experience gradual improvement through medication, exercise, and lifestyle changes. Those undergoing procedures like knee replacement surgery or hip replacement surgery usually require structured rehabilitation to regain strength and mobility. Following the recommended recovery plan can significantly improve long-term outcomes.
Important Recovery Tips
- Follow your doctor’s medication and exercise instructions.
- Maintain a healthy body weight to reduce joint stress
- Perform recommended physiotherapy exercises regularly
- Avoid excessive strain on healing joints
- Attend follow-up appointments for progress monitoring
- Maintain proper nutrition with adequate protein, calcium, and vitamin D
With expert guidance from the best arthritis doctor in Lucknow, patients can achieve better mobility and return to an active lifestyle.
Diet and Lifestyle Tips for Arthritis Patients
A healthy lifestyle plays an important role in managing arthritis symptoms and supporting long-term joint health. While diet cannot completely cure arthritis, making the right food and lifestyle choices can help reduce inflammation, maintain a healthy weight, and improve mobility. Along with medical care from an experienced arthritis specialist in Lucknow, following healthy daily habits can enhance the effectiveness of your treatment plan.
Foods That May Support Joint Health
- Omega-3 rich foods such as fish, flaxseeds, and walnuts to help manage inflammation
- Fresh fruits and vegetables containing antioxidants
- Calcium- and Vitamin D-rich foods for stronger bones
- Whole grains that support healthy weight management
- Adequate protein intake to maintain muscle strength
Lifestyle Changes Recommended for Arthritis Patients
- Maintain a healthy body weight to reduce pressure on weight-bearing joints
- Perform low-impact exercises such as walking, swimming, and stretching
- Avoid prolonged sitting and maintain proper posture.
- Get adequate sleep to support recovery and healing
- Avoid smoking and excessive alcohol consumption
A balanced diet combined with regular physical activity can support better outcomes during arthritis treatment in Lucknow.
Can Arthritis Be Prevented?
Although some forms of arthritis, such as autoimmune arthritis or genetically influenced conditions, cannot always be prevented, adopting healthy habits can reduce the risk and delay joint-related problems. Protecting your joints through regular exercise, injury prevention, and maintaining a healthy lifestyle can help preserve mobility for years. Early awareness of symptoms also allows timely consultation with the best arthritis doctor in Lucknow and reduces the chances of severe joint damage.
Ways to Protect Your Joints
- Maintain a healthy weight to reduce stress on knees and hips
- Exercise regularly to strengthen muscles around joints.
- Warm up properly before sports or physical activities
- Treat joint injuries promptly to prevent future complications.
- Maintain good posture during work and daily activities
- Include bone-strengthening nutrients like calcium and vitamin D in your diet.
- Avoid repetitive stress on joints whenever possible.
Taking preventive steps and seeking early medical advice can help maintain better joint health and improve overall quality of life.
Why Choose Dr. Divyanshu Dutt Dwivedi for Arthritis Treatment in Lucknow?
Choosing the right orthopedic specialist is important for effective arthritis management and long-term joint care. Dr. Divyanshu Dutt Dwivedi provides comprehensive evaluation and personalized treatment plans for patients suffering from different types of arthritis, including osteoarthritis, knee arthritis, and joint degeneration. With a patient-focused approach, he combines accurate diagnosis, advanced treatment techniques, and rehabilitation guidance to achieve better outcomes.
As a trusted arthritis specialist in Lucknow, Dr. Divyanshu focuses on understanding each patient’s symptoms, lifestyle needs, and treatment expectations before recommending any procedure.
Why Patients Choose Dr. Divyanshu Dutt Dwivedi
- Personalized arthritis diagnosis and treatment planning
- Advanced approach for joint pain management
- Expertise in non-surgical and surgical arthritis care
- Focus on preserving natural joint function whenever possible
- Guidance throughout the treatment and recovery journey
For consultation regarding arthritis treatment in Lucknow, contact +91-9899389359.
Book Your Consultation for Arthritis Treatment in Lucknow
Living with continuous joint pain, stiffness, or reduced mobility can affect your personal and professional life. Timely consultation with an experienced orthopedic specialist can help identify the cause of your symptoms and provide the right treatment approach. Dr. Divyanshu Dutt Dwivedi offers advanced and personalized arthritis treatment in Lucknow focused on pain relief, improved mobility, and better long-term joint health.
Whether you need non-surgical management, rehabilitation support, or advanced joint procedures, every treatment plan is designed according to your specific condition and lifestyle requirements.
For expert guidance from a trusted arthritis specialist in Lucknow, schedule your consultation today.
Call Now: +919899389359
Conclusion
Arthritis is a progressive condition, but with the right diagnosis and timely treatment, it can be effectively managed. Whether you are experiencing early joint discomfort or advanced arthritis that limits your daily activities, seeking expert medical care can make a significant difference. Dr. Divyanshu Dutt Dwivedi offers comprehensive arthritis treatment in Lucknow, combining modern diagnostics, personalized treatment plans, rehabilitation, and advanced surgical expertise to achieve the best possible outcomes. Taking action early not only helps relieve pain but also protects long-term joint health, allowing you to remain active and independent and enjoy a better quality of life.
FAQs About Arthritis Treatment in Lucknow
- What is the best treatment for arthritis?
The best treatment for arthritis depends on the type, severity, and condition of the affected joint. Early-stage arthritis can often be managed with physiotherapy, medications, lifestyle changes, PRP therapy, and injections, while advanced arthritis may require joint replacement surgery. A detailed evaluation by an experienced arthritis specialist in Lucknow helps determine the most suitable treatment approach according to individual needs.
- Can arthritis be cured permanently?
Arthritis is a long-term condition, and most types cannot be completely reversed. However, with proper arthritis treatment in Lucknow, patients can effectively control pain, improve mobility, and slow disease progression. Early diagnosis, regular exercise, weight management, and appropriate medical treatment can help patients maintain an active lifestyle and better joint function.
- Which doctor treats arthritis?
An orthopedic surgeon or rheumatologist can treat different types of arthritis. An orthopedic specialist focuses on joint structure, injuries, degeneration, and surgical solutions, while a rheumatologist mainly manages autoimmune arthritis conditions. For joint-related arthritis problems, consulting an experienced arthritis specialist in Lucknow helps ensure accurate diagnosis and personalized treatment.
- What are the early signs of arthritis?
Common early signs of arthritis include joint pain, stiffness, swelling, tenderness, and reduced movement. Many patients experience increased stiffness in the morning or discomfort after prolonged activity. If these symptoms continue for several weeks, consulting the best arthritis doctor in Lucknow can help identify the cause and start timely treatment.
- Can arthritis be treated without surgery?
Yes, many arthritis patients can achieve significant improvement without surgery, especially during the early and moderate stages. Non-surgical treatments may include physiotherapy, medications, weight management, PRP therapy, hyaluronic acid injections, and lifestyle modifications. Surgery is usually considered when severe joint damage causes persistent pain and limits daily activities.
- Is walking good for arthritis patients?
Walking is generally beneficial for many arthritis patients because it helps maintain joint flexibility, strengthens supporting muscles, and improves overall mobility. However, the intensity should depend on the severity of arthritis and pain level. Patients with advanced arthritis should consult an arthritis specialist in Lucknow before starting any exercise routine.
- What is the difference between osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis?
Osteoarthritis occurs due to gradual cartilage wear and tear, commonly affecting weight-bearing joints such as the knees and hips. Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune condition where the immune system attacks joint tissues, causing inflammation and swelling. Both conditions require different treatment approaches based on their underlying causes.
- When is knee replacement required for arthritis?
Knee replacement surgery may be recommended when arthritis reaches an advanced stage and causes severe pain, difficulty walking, reduced mobility, or affects daily activities despite non-surgical treatments. A detailed evaluation helps determine whether joint replacement is the right option for improving pain relief and restoring function.
- How is arthritis diagnosed?
Arthritis diagnosis involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests. Doctors may recommend X-rays, MRI scans, blood tests, ESR, CRP, Rheumatoid Factor (RF), and anti-CCP tests depending on the suspected type of arthritis. Accurate diagnosis helps create an effective treatment plan.
- How much does arthritis treatment cost in Lucknow?
The cost of arthritis treatment in Lucknow depends on various factors, including the type of arthritis, severity, diagnostic tests, treatment method, and whether surgery is required. A consultation with Dr. Divyanshu Dutt Dwivedi helps patients understand their condition, available treatment options, and expected expenses.
